Vectors

If you remember, array is a fixed-size list of elements, of same data type. Even with mut, its element count can not be changed. A vector is kind of a re-sizable array but all elements must be in the same type.

⭐️ It’s a generic type, written as Vec<T> . T can have any type, ex. The type of a Vec of i32s is Vec<i32>. Also Vectors always allocate their data in dynamically allocated heap.

Create empty vector

let mut a = Vec::new(); //1.with new() keyword
let mut b = vec![]; //2.using the vec! macro

Create with data types

let mut a2: Vec<i32> = Vec::new();
let mut b2: Vec<i32> = vec![];
let mut b3 = vec![1i32, 2, 3];//sufixing 1st value with data type

let mut b4 = vec![1, 2, 3];
let mut b5: Vec<i32> = vec![1, 2, 3];
let mut b6  = vec![1i32, 2, 3];
let mut b7 = vec![0; 10]; //ten zeroes

Access and change data

//Accessing and changing exsisting data
let mut c = vec![5, 4, 3, 2, 1];
c[0] = 1;
c[1] = 2;
//c[6] = 2; can't assign values this way, index out of bounds
println!("{:?}", c); //[1, 2, 3, 2, 1]

//push and pop
let mut d: Vec<i32> = Vec::new();
d.push(1); //[1] : Add an element to the end
d.push(2); //[1, 2]
d.pop(); //[1] : : Remove an element from the end


// 🔎 Capacity and reallocation
let mut e: Vec<i32> = Vec::with_capacity(10);
println!("Length: {}, Capacity : {}", e.len(), e.capacity()); //Length: 0, Capacity : 10

// These are all done without reallocating...
for i in 0..10 {
    e.push(i);
}
// ...but this may make the vector reallocate
e.push(11);

⭐️ Mainly a vector represent 3 things,

• a pointer to the data

• No of elements currently have(length)

• capacity (Amount of space allocated for any future elements).

If the length of a vector exceeds its capacity, its capacity will be increased automatically. But its elements will be reallocated(which can be slow). So always use Vec::with_capacity whenever it’s possible.

💡 String data type is a UTF-8 encoded vector. But you can not index into a String because of encoding.

💯 Vectors can be used with iterators in three ways,

let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

for i in &v {
    println!("A reference to {}", i);
}

for i in &mut v {
    println!("A mutable reference to {}", i);
}

for i in v {
    println!("Take ownership of the vector and its element {}", i);
}